Carnivore Totally Explained

A carnivore, meaning 'meat eater' (Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour'), is an animal with a diet consisting mainly of meat, whether it comes from animals living or dead (scavenging). Some animals are considered carnivores even if their diets contain very little meat but involve preying on other animals (for example, predatory arthropods such as spiders or mantids that may rarely consume small vertebrate prey). Animals that subsist on a diet consisting only of meat are referred to as obligate carnivores. Plants that capture and digest insects are called carnivorous plants. Similarly fungi that capture microscopic animals are often called carnivorous fungi. The designation "hypercarnivore" is used in paleobiology to describe taxa of animals which have an increased slicing component of their dentition relative to the grinding component.

Classification

Carnivores that eat insects and similar invertebrates primarily or exclusively are called insectivores, while those that eat fish primarily or exclusively are called piscivores. Carnivory that entails the consumption of members of an organism's own species is referred to as cannibalism. This includes sexual cannibalism and cannibalistic infanticide.
   The word "carnivore" sometimes refers to the mammals of the Order Carnivora, but this can be misleading. Although many Carnivora fit the first definition of being exclusively meat eaters, not all do. For example, bears are members of Carnivora that are not carnivores in the dietary sense.
   Outside of the animal kingdom, there are several genera containing carnivorous plants and several phyla containing carnivorous fungi. The former are predominantly insectivores, while the latter prey mostly on microscopic invertebrates such as nematodes, amoeba and springtails.
   Prehistoric mammals of the crown-clade Carnivoramorpha (Carnivora and Miacoidea without Creodonta), along with the early Order Creodonta, and some mammals of the even early Order Cimolesta, were true carnivores. The earliest carnivorous mammal is considered to be the Cimolestes that existed during the Late Cretaceous and Tertiary Periods in North America about 65 million years ago. Most species of Cimolestes were mouse to rat-sized, but the Late Cretaceous Cimolestes magnus reached the size of a marmot, making it one of the largest Mesozoic mammals known (20-60g). The cheek teeth combined the functions of piercing, shearing and grinding, and the molars of Palaeoryctes had extremely high and acute cusps that had little function other than piercing. The dentition of Cimolestes foreshadows the same cutting structures seen in all later carnivores. While the earlier smaller species were insectivores, the later marmot-sized Cimolestes magnus probably took larger prey and were definitely a carnivore to some degree. The cheek teeth of Hyracolestes ermineus (an ermine-like shrew - 40g) and Sarcodon pygmaeus ("pygmy flesh tooth" - 75g), were common in the Latest Paleocene of Mongolia and China and occupied the small predator niche. The cheek teeth show the same characteristic notches that serve in today's carnivores to hold flesh in place to shear apart with cutting ridges. The theropod dinosaurs such as Tyrannosaurus rex that existed during the late Cretaceous, although not mammals, were "obligate carnivores".

Obligate carnivores

An obligate or true carnivore is an animal that subsists on a diet consisting only of meat. They may consume other products presented to them, especially animal products like cheese and bone marrow or sweet sugary substances like honey and syrup, but, as these items are not essential, they don't consume these on a regular basis. True carnivores lack the physiology required for the efficient digestion of vegetable matter, and, in fact, some carnivorous mammals eat vegetation specifically as an emetic.

Characteristics of carnivores

Characteristics commonly 'associated' with carnivores include organs for capturing and disarticulating prey (teeth and claws serve these functions in many vertebrates) and status as a hunter. In truth, these assumptions may be misleading, as some carnivores don't hunt and are scavengers (though most hunting carnivores will scavenge when the opportunity exists). Thus they don't have the characteristics associated with hunting carnivores. Carnivores have comparatively short digestive systems as they're not required to break down tough cellulose found in plants.

Plant material

In most cases, some plant material is essential for adequate nutrition, particularly with regard to minerals, vitamins and fiber. Most wild carnivores consume this in the digestive system of their prey. Many carnivores also eat herbivore dung, presumably to obtain essential nutrients that they couldn't otherwise obtain, since their dentition and digestive system don't permit efficient processing of vegetable matter.

As human food

Large predatory land carnivores are rarely used for human food. There may also be concerns of higher levels of heavy metals compared to meat from herbivores.
Carnivores are forbidden to be eaten according to Jewish and Islamic dietary laws.

List of carnivores

Felines, ranging from domestic cats to lions, tigers, and other large predators.
Canines, such the Gray Wolf, Red Wolf, Red Fox and coyote. Domestic dogs are broadly considered carnivorous. The Smithsonian Institute has listed them as carnivores, because of their dental makeup and digestive tract..
Hyenas
Some mustelids, including ferrets
Polar Bears
Pinnipeds (seals, sea lions, walruses, etc.)
Dolphins
Toothed whales
Carnivorous Marsupials, such as the Tasmanian Devil
Birds of prey, including hawks, eagles, falcons and owls
Scavenger birds, like vultures
Several species of waterfowl including gulls, penguins, pelicans, storks, and herons
Anurans (frogs and toads)
Snakes
Some lizards, such as the Gila Monster
Crocodilians
Sharks and many other species of fish
Octopuses and squid
Spiders, scorpions, and many other arachnids
Mantids, Giant water bugs, and many other insects
Cnidarians

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